A Question from one of Matt’s readers-

“Matt-

I have a purchase agreement from a buyer and deposit on a house that I am buying as a short sale and selling to a rehabber.  How can I close both transactions in one day?  Do you know a title company in Lafayette, IN that would do it?  What about  a title company in Indianapolis that would do a double closing.  Title seasoning should not be an issue on these deals since they are all cash.  I am just finding that the title companies I contact say that their underwriters will not approve it because it is a “flip” which is illegal. 

S.L.”

Matt’s Answer-

Back in the “good old days,” a real estate investor could find a great deal, lock up the deal with a contract, option or purchase agreement, and then “flip” the deal to another buyer.  The investor was then rewarded for finding the good deal and for finding the buyer with a fee, charge, profits, etc.  The nature of the investor’s reward depended on how the deal was purchased and then re-sold.

Often, the investor would assign her rights to purchase the property to her buyer.  The investor would never take title to the property.  There would be one closing-  called a “simultaneous closing” or “double closing.”  In other words, the investor’s assignment of the deal to the buyer, and the buyer’s ultimate purchase of the property would happen at one closing.  Think of it as two deal closings in one.  At the closing, the investor would be listed as a payee and would receive her assignment fee at that time.

What happened to the double closing?

We started hearing about mortgage fraud cases.  There were so many cases of mortgage fraud over the past 10 years that there developed a presumption that “flips” were illegal.  The rationale was that a property purchased on Day 1 for $100,000, for example, could not be “flipped” for $120,000 on Day 2, or Day 5 or even Day 90.  The rationale was the property could not appreciate that quickly.  Therefore, the final purchase price ($120,000 in our example) had to be fake, false and fabricated.  There was no credit given to the investor for having negotiated a great purchase price and a better sales price.  The presumption is that the second sales price had to be the product of a fraud on the mortgage company.  Soon, title companies began refusing to hold  “simultaneous closings” for fear of being accused of participating in mortgage fraud.

What if the ultimate buyer was not using mortgage loan funds to buy the property?  What if the buyer were paying in cash?  How could there be mortgage fraud on a flip, if there is no mortgage lender?

Sadly, state and federal prosecutors have scared appraisers and title companies to the extent that no title company will do a “simultaneous closing,” even if there is no mortgage lender involved!   If any of my readers know of a title company that will still conduct simultaneous closings,” please let me know.  Other readers are still looking to do simultaneous closings on cash-based flips.

It is true that mortgage fraud was and is a serious problem, although most of the really bad mortgage fraud practices seem to be happening less and less often.  There’s more public awareness of mortgage fraud today, which has helped.  More than 10 years ago, I started preaching about mortgage fraud.  I remember announcing the formation of the Indiana Mortgage Fraud Task Force.  I’ve lectured, written and begged investors to increase their awareness of mortgage fraud.  Not only is it a crime, but the number of fraud cases has had a tremendous chilling effect of real estate investing.  A few bad apples have screwed up simultaneous closings and flips for the rest of the real estate investing community.  And that’s a bad thing for all of us, as flips served a legitimate purpose.  Flips reward investors for finding good deals and matching buyers and sellers.  As this is often work that realtors and brokers will not do, we should be encouraging, not prosecuting, investors for fair, honest and legitimate flips, even if they require a simultaneous closing to complete the transaction.

Years ago, I wrote a series of articles on mortgage fraud-  “Mortgage Fraud-  Just Say No!”  If you’d like to learn more about mortgage fraud and how to avoid it, send me an email or comment.  I’ll send you a copy of my articles on the topic.

One final thought. . .  there is another type of flip.  If you buy that property for $30,000 and add $20,000 of improvements, it is possible that the improvements raise the fair market value to $85,000, $90,000 or more.  In that scenario, you should be able to sell the property for $90,000 or so, and not have to worry about mortgage fraud claims.  Keep your receipts and photographs showing the before and after condition of the property and your improvements to it.  You’ll have to prove the $20,000 of improvements, plus the increase in equity as a result of the improvements.  Getting good appraisals and keeping lots of documentation are key to doing these “rehab flips.”

I was also asked recently about selling an LLC or corporation that owns a “flip house.”   Selling real estate and selling an LLC or corporation are quite different.  I’ll try to address that scenario in another blog post soon.

My blog just got spammed by some company trying to get people to invest in a corporation based on some Caribbean island.  The spam came across as an advertisement for “asset protection.”  I deleted the comment and will not be posting it on this site!  The spammer was trying to comment to my post Asset Protection-  “It’s As Easy As 1 – 2 – 3!”

So, I need a Caribbean trust or corporation to protect my assets?

Hogwash!

Asset protection is the lawful use of entities, contracts, business practices and other legal structures that are recognized and permitted under existing law.  Everything you need to protect your personal and business assets can be found right in your home state.  You do not need to go off-shore to protect your assets.  In fact, going off-shore raises another type of risk to your assets and can, therefore, be self-defeating.

Asset protection is NOT trying to hide assets in a Caribbean-based trust or corporation.  Nor do you need a Delaware corporation or a Nevada corporation, unless you live or operate your business in those states.  Nor do you lawfully protect assets by trying to hide them, by committing crimes or by engaging into fraudulent transfers.

The law provides ways to protect your assets!  You’ve just got to understand what your risks are and what lawful means are available to address those risks.  It’s really not that difficult.  And there is no trickery involved.  Trickery usually leads to other problems.

Do you know what a “legal witch doctor” is?  It’s a term I coined years ago to describe people who talk about the law and who practice law without a license but with a particular financial motive impacting their advice.  If a legal witch doctor tells you that off-shore trusts are the key to asset protection, you can bet that off-shore trusts are being sold to you.

Buyer beware!  Avoid legal witch doctors.  Go see your lawyer.

Before I can define “phantom income,” I’ve first got to explain how “tax flow through entities” work.  Basically, if you own at least part of a partnership, limited liability company or S-corporation, you get a a tax bill each year based on your share of the business’ profits.  That bill comes in the form of a K-1 tax form, which shows your portion of the profits or losses.

So, if you own 40% of a company (for the entire tax year) that had $100,000 of profits in 2008, then you would get a K-1 for $40,000.  If you only owned that 40% for half the year, your K-1 should report $20,000 of imputed income to you.  You then have to report that income on your individual income tax return and pay taxes on that amount.

But wait!  What if the company never paid you a distribution (a/k/a dividend) equal to your K-1 number?  Or, what if the company only pays you $12,000, but your K-1 shows $40,000 of income?  If that happens, you have have “phantom income.”  So, even though you only received a distribution of $12,000, you have to pay income taxes on the full $40,000.

If you want to avoid paying taxes on “phantom income,” then you should consider an agreement among all the owners and the company requiring the company to distribute at least enough profits to cover the taxes on your “phantom income.  When I draft these agreements for my clients, I like to include a provision requiring no less than 40% of the company’s profits to be distributed, which should normally be enough in distributions to cover the highest marginal tax rate on any one owner.  I include an exception, in the event the company has anticipated cash flow issues, or is about to make a large expenditure and needs the cash.

If you fail to include such a provision in your agreements, then you run the risk that the majority owners might try to “freeze out” the minority owners by causing “phantom income” to be reported on the minority owner’s K-1, year after year after year.  In that case, it actually costs money for the minority owners to own a share of a profitable company.

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A buy-sell agreement (“BSA”) is a great document.  BSA’s can be used for corporations, limited liability companies and partnerships.  Often, a BSA is embedded in the Operating Agreement of an LLC or the Partnership Agreement of a general, limited or limited liability partnership.  The form of a BSA is far less important than are its contents.  So, don’t get confused by the name of the agreement.  Rather, consider the purpose and content of a BSA.  I’ll write about the substance of BSA’s in a future blog.  Here, I want you to consider WHY you should consider a BSA for your business partnership.

BSA’s serve several important purposes, such as these:

• A BSA can prevent disputes over control of a company.

HOW?  A well-written BSA establishes when and how one owner may or must buy the ownership of another owner.  If disputing owners know the outcome of their power struggle, they are less like to fight.  The end result is already decided.  Generally, people fight, when they believe they can make gains through the process.  BSA’s reduce the opportunities to gain through struggle, and thus reduce disputes/lawsuits.

• A BSA creates a market for your ownership interests.

HOW?   There is no market to sell partial ownership interests in most small companies.  There is no stock exchange for such “closely-held” companies.  A BSA can create a market by requiring one owner to  buy the other owner’s shares under certain circumstances, which we call “triggering events.” 

    “Triggering events” are bad things that can happen to any business owner.  The key triggering events are: 

• The death of an owner.
• Marital divorce.
• The disability of an owner.
• Unwillingness of an owner to continue the business.  I call this “disinterest.”
• Retirement by an owner.
• Dissolution of the company.

• A BSA can further your Asset Protection Plan.

HOW?   Under certain circumstances, a BSA can make it extremely difficult for the creditors of an company to get at the ownership interests of an owner.

• A BSA enables you to keep your company longer.

HOW?   If your partner “triggers” your buy-sell agreement, you can agree in the BSA to a payment plan.  So, in other words, if you have to pay $80,000 to buy your partner’s ownership interests, the BSA can provide for terms.  Typically, you agree to a down-payment, a modest interest rate on the balance and payments over time.  That enables the “buying” owner to keep the business going, rather than being forced to sell the company or key company assets.  Having to buy-out your partner is an extraordinary expense.  A BSA can make those payments manageable.

• Much, much more.

There are other advantages to BSA’s.  There are also disadvantages.  Whether a BSA is right for you depends on a number of factors.  Your CPA and attorney can help you determine if and how a BSA should be used.